Technical Library & Laboratory Papers

Research & Technical Documentation

In-depth technical papers from our metallurgy lab, QC department, and solar engineering team covering electrochemistry, grid metallurgy, and battery testing standards.

Electrochemistry

Lead-Acid Electrochemistry: Fundamentals

The Pb–H₂SO₄–PbO₂ reversible cell reaction explained

A technical primer on how lead-acid batteries store and release energy at the molecular level.

Published 2026-02-01 · Metallurgy LabRead Full Paper

Solar Technology

Tubular vs. Flat Plate: Solar Battery Architecture

Comparative cycle life and cost analysis for off-grid applications

When to specify tubular positive plates over flat pasted plates in deep-cycle applications.

Published 2025-11-18 · Metallurgy LabRead Full Paper

Materials Science

Grid Alloy Selection for Modern Lead-Acid Batteries

Calcium, antimony, and tin — matching alloy to application

How grid metallurgy affects water loss, cycle life, and manufacturing cost across battery categories.

Published 2025-09-22 · Metallurgy LabRead Full Paper

Testing & Standards

Understanding CCA Testing Standards

SAE J537, EN 50342, and what the numbers actually mean

A breakdown of international cold cranking amp test methods and how to compare ratings across standards.

Published 2025-08-14 · Metallurgy LabRead Full Paper